This manual presents an intervention program of memory enhancement for older adults that integrates two approaches: cognitive restructing and traditional memory training.

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This program of memory enhancement, which stresses helping older adults gain control over their thoughts about memory and memory abilities, relies on components of traditional memory skills training, supplemented extensively by compnents of (a) cognitive restructuring and attribution retraining, and (b) other cognitive training procedures that encourage clients to challenge dysfunctional thoughts or cognitive distortions.

This program will review the expected age changes in memory functioning and related cognitive abilities and presents an overview of widely accepted models for how memory works to help the practitioner or facilitator in understanding the mechanisms that underlie this complexity of intellectual functions. Also discussed are various types of memory functioning, some of which remain intact while others are possibly impaired with aging, and compensatory strategies are discussed that can be taught to your clients to assist them with memory complaints.

This manual contains 15 units of guided cognitively based exercises, educational materials, and compensatory strategies to improve memory performance that you can integrate into general education, therapeutic or guidance programs. The structured exercises will assist your clients to modify their misperceptions, misattributions, and erroneous belief regarding memory changes in older age, and descriptions of how older adults may be able to restore (in part at least) the memory efficiency of their younger years.

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Acknowledgements
About the Authors
Introduction

1. An Overview of Theoretical Perspectives on Memory functioning in Later Years
   Empowerment Philosophy of Memory Training
   Education
   Dialogue
   Motivation
   Acceptance
   Special Attention to Problems of Guilt, Anxiety and Low Self-Esteem
   Attention to Psychosocial Factors Influencing Memory Performance
   A Compensatory Approach to Helping Older Adults with Memory Complaints

   Important Concepts for Facilitators and Older Adults in Memory Training Programs

   Memory and Aging

   Memory and Depression

   Memory and Self-Conceptions

   Rationalfor Cognitive Training

   What Facilitators need to know about using this book

   Definition of terms used in the book

   Overview of Memory

   Analogies of Memory

   Types of Memory

   General Information-Processinf Model

   Cognitive-Processing Explanations for Memory Changes

   Learning and Memory

   Compensatory Strategies for Age-Related Memory Changes

   Components of Memory Training

   Traditional Memory training

   Frequently Used Mnomonic Strategies

   Cognitive Training

   Education

Part II - Memory Enhancement Training Program: Teaching Units and Practice Exercises

Overview of the Memory Enhancement Training Program
Instructions for the Facilitator
Practical Considerations for the Facilitator

Unit 1 - Memory Matters
Introductory Remarks
Views of Memory as We Age
Setting Goals with Participants: Personal Time Management
How Memory Works
Unit 1 Homework
Unit 1 Handout - Outline
Unit 1 Handout
Unit 1 Review Questions
Unit 2 - Am I Losing My Grip?
Introductory Remarks
Views of Memory as We Age
How Memory Works
Unit 2 Homework
Unit 2 Handout
Unit 2 Review Questions
Unit 3 - Remembering to Forget
Introductory Remarks
Relationship between Thought, Feelings, and Memory
External Memory Aids: Appointment Books and Calendars
Theories of Forgetting and Remembering
Unit 3 Homework
Unit 3 Handout
Unit 3 Review Questions
Unit 4 - Forgetting to Remember
Introductory Remarks
Relationship between Thoughts, Feelings and Memory
Organization of Lists, Routines, and Drills
Theories of Forgetting in Older Adults
Unit 4 Homework
Unit 4 Handout
Unit 4 Review Questions
Unit 5 - Am I Losing It?
Introductory Remarks
Cognitive Distortion Classifications
Name Recall
Alzheimer's Disease and Other Biological Causes of Memory Decline
Unit 5 Homework
Unit 5 Handout
Unit 5 Review Questions
Unit 6 - Losing Your Memory Marbles
Introductory Remarks
Role of Cognitive Distortions and Dysfunctional Thoughts in
Memory, Performance and Functioning
Name Recall and Visualization
Alzheimer's Disease and Other Biological Causes of Memory Decline:
Multi-Infarct Dementia and Delirium
Unit 6 Homework
Unit 6 Handout
Unit 6 Review Questions
Unit 7 - Food Smarts
Introductory Remarks
Role of Cognitive Distortions and Dysfunctional Thoughts in
Memory, Performance and Functioning
Method of Loci
Nutrition, Diet, and Memory
Unit 7 Homework
Unit 7 Handout
Unit 7 Review Questions
Unit 8 - Where Did I Put It?
Introductory Remarks
Role of Cognitive Distortions and Dysfunctional Thoughts in
Memory, Performance and Functioning
Method of Loci
Nutrition, Diet, and Memory
Unit 8 Homework
Unit 8 Handout
Unit 8 Handout - Food Guide Pyramid
Unit 8 Handout - Nutrition Resources
Unit 8 Review Questions
Unit 9 - Remember What?
Introductory Remarks
How to Achieve Cognitive Change and Reduce
Cognitive Distortions Through Cognitive Restructuring Exercises
Peg Word System
Recreational Drugs and Memory
Unit 9 Homework
Unit 9 Handout
Unit 9 Review Questions
Unit 10 - Use It or Lose It
Introductory Remarks
How to Achieve Cognitive Change and Reduce
Cognitive Distortions Through Cognitive Restructuring Exercises
Peg Word System
Medications and Memory
Unit 10 Homework
Unit 10 Handout
Unit 10 Review Questions
Unit 11 - Memory Magic
Introductory Remarks
How to Achieve Cognitive Change and Reduce
Cognitive Distortions Through Cognitive Restructuring Exercises
Link or Chain System
Sleep and Memory
Unit 11 Homework
Unit 11 Handout
Unit 11 Review Questions
Unit 12 - Memory Muscles
Introductory Remarks
How to Achieve Cognitive Change and Reduce
Cognitive Distortions Through Cognitive Restructuring Exercises
Link or Chain System
Physical Activity and Memory
Unit 12 Homework
Unit 12 Handout
Unit 12 Review Questions
Unit 13 - Memory Madness
Introductory Remarks
How to Achieve Cognitive Change and Reduce
Cognitive Distortions Through Cognitive Restructuring Exercises
More Mnemonic Devices
Stress Factors and Memory
Unit 13 Homework
Unit 13 Handout
Unit 13 Review Questions
Unit 14 - Memory Lane
Introductory Remarks
How to Achieve Cognitive Change and Reduce
Cognitive Distortions Through Cognitive Restructuring Exercises
Review Exercises, Sample Tasks, and Consolidation of Gains Achieved
Through Learning of Mnemonics, Memory Strategies and Aids
Sleep and Memory
Unit 14 Homework
Unit 14 Handout
Unit 14 Review Questions
Unit 15 - Memory Power
Introductory Remarks
How to Achieve Cognitive Change and Reduce
Cognitive Distortions Through Cognitive Restructuring Exercises
Review Exercises, Sample Tasks, and Consolidation of Gains Achieved
Through Learning of Mnemonics, Memory Strategies and Aids
Review and Discussion on Allied Health Factors and Memory Performance
Closure
Unit 14 Handout

Appedix A - Geriatric Depression Scale
Appendix B - Mini-Mental Health Examination
Appendix C- Mental Status Questionnaire
Appendix D - Premature Cognitive Commitment
Appendix E - Memory Goal Scale
Index

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